Non-pregnancy related gynaecological pelvic pain causes are:

1. Painful menstruation (cyclical)
2. Midcycle ovulation pain (cyclical)
3. Endometriosis
4. Ovarian cyst accident
5. Degenerating uterine fibroids
6. Pelvic inflammatory Disease

Non- gynaecological pelvic pain are:
1. Urinary tract infection
2. Inflammatory bowel disease
3. Irritable bowel syndrome
4. Appendicitis.

They can be detected during routine pelvic ultrasound and classified according to:

Functional cysts
Physiological cysts form during the menstrual cycle, and they dissolve over time.

Non-functional ovarian cysts
They continue to grow and result in acute pain from cyst rupture or torsion, especially in cyst sizes >5cm.
It is also important to determine the nature of the cysts, so that appropriate treatment can be given.

1. Endometriotic cysts
Womb lining -like tissue grows in other areas of the body such as the ovaries. This condition can cause pain and affect fertility.

2. Dermoid cysts
These cysts are rarely cancerous and contain tissue like that of hair, skin or teeth.

3. Non-benign ovarian cysts
Ovarian cancer risk increases with age of the women, especially in post-menopausal women.

Heavy menstrual flow can cause anaemia, which affects the quality of eggs, difficulty conceiving and increased risk of miscarriage. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and desire for fertility.